In 1985, the Section of Entomology (now Center for Economic Entomology) in the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS) reorganized and expanded its insecticide evaluation_research efforts. The resulting program, which is now called Illinois Insect Management and Insecticide Evaluations, is coordinated by an entomologist who works in close cooperation with Extension entomologists, farm managers, and other supportive scientists. The program involves extensive collaboration with other scientists from the departments of Crop Sciences and Natural Resources and Environmental Sciences at the University of Illinois, Southern Illinois University Research Station in Belleville, and the USDA research laboratories in the Midwest. The audience that benefits from this expansion consists mainly of growers, product developers in industry, pesticide dealers and applicators, scientists, educators, consumers, and crop consultants.

This program provides an impartial evaluation of genetically engineered plants and of chemical and biological pesticides applied to a variety of field, forage, fruit, and vegetable crops at several locations in Illinois. Also, included in this program is research on applied aspects of crop production and the use of biological controls. The program is supported solely from contributions by the agribusiness industry.

The 1998 annual Insect Management and Insecticide Evaluation technical report number 13 is produced through the cooperation of the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Center of Economic Entomology, and the University of Illinois, College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, Department of Crop Sciences, and contains the following research reports:

Efficacy of insecticides to control alfalfa weevil larvae in southern Illinois, 1998

Efficacy of pre-plant, planting-time, pre-emergence, and rescue insecticide treatments for black cutworm control in Illinois, 1998

Efficacy of Emamectin 5SC insecticides for black cutworm control in Illinois, 1998

Efficacy of different formulations of the soil insecticide Chlorpyrifos against corn rootworm larvae in Illinois, 1998

Efficacy of different formulations of the seed treatment Adage to control corn root worm larvae in Illinois, 1998

Efficacy of registered and experimental insecticides to control corn rootworm larvae in Illinois, 1998

Efficacy of different formulations of Regent applied at planting to control corn root worm larvae and first-generation European corn borer in Illinois, 1998

The effectiveness of Beauveria bassiana for control of first- and second- generation European corn borer in Illinois, 1998

The effectiveness of Bt-corn hybrids for control of European corn borer in Illinois, 1998

Efficacy of registered and experimental insecticides for control of first- generation European corn borer in Illinois, 1998

Evaluation of efficacy of selected conventional and experimental insecticides and Bt hybrids for control of corn earworm and European corn borer on sweet corn in Illinois, 1998

This annual report also includes weather data, soil information, and insect trap counts for the areas where these studies were conducted. This report can be obtained, for a nominal fee, by contacting John T. Shaw, senior research specialist, through the Illinois Natural History Survey (INHS), Center of Economic Entomology, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, IL 61820.

(John T. Shaw, Illinois Natural History Survey)

As most farmers, dealers, applicators and others who handle agricultural chemicals know, many pesticides, especially insecticides, are toxic to the nervous system. Some of the most potent of these are methyl parathion and other organophosphates (OP). Acute overexposure to these chemicals can cause fatigue, headache, nausea, blurry vision, tremor, confusion, and, in very severe cases, coma and death. A single drop of methyl parathion in a person's eye can be fatal.

Studies have also found that some people who recover from the initial symptoms of acute organophosphate poisoning appear to have measurable deficiencies in motor skills and changes in personality traits, compared to people who have not been exposed to high levels of these pesticides. What was not know, however, was whether or not long-term, low-level exposure to organophosphate pesticides produced changes in personality or measurable deficiencies in memory, concentration, language skills, and coordination.

Richard Fenske, director of the Pacific NW Agricultural Safety and Health Center at the University of Washington, conducted a study in New Jersey in an attempt to answer that question. At the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment Station at Rutgers University, Fenske studied 57 tree-fruit producers who had used organophosphate pesticides for many years but had no history of acute poisoning. Fenske and his colleagues gave these tree-fruit growers a battery of tests to evaluate concentration, visual-motor skills, memory, language, and mood, as well as complete physical exams focusing on neurological function. The same tests were given to blueberry growers, cranberry growers, and hardware store owners who had no history of organophosphate pesticide exposure. The findings, which were published in the American Journal of Industrial Medicine, surprised Fenske and his colleagues: "We did not see a meaningful difference between lifetime applicators of OP pesticide and other farmers in the region. We also compared the applicators to local hardware store owners and again found no differences." This is good news for anyone who handles these chemicals as part of their work, and it underscores the importance of treating these compounds with respect. Avoiding overexposure to these compounds is critical.

What did it prove? "Basically, that farmers who have used organophosphate insecticides carefully, and, because of this, have not suffered
an acute poisoning incident, are not much different from hardware store owners," says Fenske. "There were no dramatic findings."

Fenske cautions that the test results are relevant only for adults who may receive chronic, low-level exposure to organophosphates and should
not be extended to children whose neurological systems are not fully developed and that may be affected in ways not seen in adults.

(Adapted from "Mississippi's Environment," 1998, 26:10)

For detailed information about pesticide toxicology and symptoms and treatment of pesticide poisoning, point your web browser to the National Pesticide Telecommunications Network website (http://ace.orst.edu/info/nptn/factshts.htm). Click on the "Pesticide Poisoning Handbook" by Donald P. Morgan. For more information about how the US EPA is addressing children's exposure to pesticides, see the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) website (http://www.epa.gov/opppsps1/fqpa/index.html). Since passage of the FQPA in 1996, its provisions have been summarized numerous times in this newsletter.

- Bruce Paulsrud

If you have been following along as the Food Quality Protection Act (FQPA) provisions unfold, you are probably well aware of a major sticking point: How to estimate "pesticide use" for the risk-assessment process? As you may know, where data is limited or unreliable, the US EPA will use default, "worst-case" assumptions, such as 100% of the crop treated at the full label rate.

Because the risk-assessment process is so reliant on pesticide use and usage data, and because there are numerous sources of this data, the EPA, USDA, and USDA_NASS (National Agricultural Statistics Service) have recently agreed to develop standard procedures for estimating percent crop treated. In addition, the EPA has agreed to make the estimates more transparent in all risk assessments.

In the last issue of this newsletter (November, 1998), pesticide impact and data collection were discussed in a "Spotlight" article written by David Pike, Pesticide Impact Assessment Program Coordinator for Illinois. Currently, the preferred method of reporting pesticide use and usage information is through crop profiles. The first of these profiles are now available on the web.

Crop profiles are summaries of pest-management methods used on an individual crop, usually within a single state. They provide information on current pest problems, pest-management methods used, pesticide-use estimates and rate information, crop-production data, and key references and contacts. Coordinated by the Pesticide Impact Assessment Program (PIAP) and the USDA Office of Pest Management Policy, crop profiles are being developed by a wide variety of interested individuals, from state Extension specialists to agricultural producer groups. The final crop profiles
are reviewed by all interested parties and monitored by representatives of PIAP.

Crop profiles have a variety of uses. Principally, they provide a readily available and concise source of accurate and up-to-date information to EPA and USDA on pest-management methods, use, and needs. They also serve as a readily available source of information about pest management on a given crop in a given state for use by state officials, growers, and the general public. As a listing of the critical needs in pest management, they will help to identify research priorities for future research funding.

You can access crop profiles on the web by contacting the NAPIAP/OPMP home page (http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/usdanapiap/),
click on CROP PROFILES, then "Completed Crop Profiles," and then select the desired crop profile. For additional information, contact:

Wilfred Burr
USDA Office of Pest Management Policy
Phone, (202)720-8647
Fax, (202)720-3191

wburr@ars.usda.gov

(Bruce E. Paulsrud, Adapted from "Reregistration Notification Network," 12/16/98.)

Starting in January 1999, EPA will distribute to grocers a brochure on the benefits and risks of pesticides, according to Charles Franklin, chief of communication services in EPA's Office of Pesticide Programs. The office will also include on its Internet site a database that will allow consumers to access information on pesticides registered for use on many foods, he said.

The Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 requires EPA to make publicly available benefit and risk information for pesticides to large grocery stores by August 1998. Representatives from environmental groups have criticized past drafts of the brochures as not having enough human health-risk information. Industry officials have also criticized the brochures as being alarmist.

Christopher Klose, a spokesman for the American Crop Protection Association (ACPA), said the his group is "very interested in receiving a copy" of the brochure. ACPA stated that the inclusion of information about organic food in the brochure "exceeds congressional intent and could confuse consumers, possibly even discourage consumption of fruits and vegetables."

Franklin said that the database planned for the Internet site will be part of an Internet version of the brochure that grocers will receive. The Internet version will include the brochure's text, the active ingredients registered for many foods, and the maximum residue level for each chemical.

"We've made a serious effort to get this into the stores and give consumers access to the information," said Franklin.

(Source: Daily Environment Report, December 16, 1998, pp. A-4-5.)

- Bruce Paulsrud

In April 1998, US EPA and several other federal agencies held a workshop of experts in the field of health professional education to identify strategies for educating health-care providers on how to recognize, diagnose, manage, and prevent adverse health effects from pesticide exposures.

The expert panel decided that the target of this initiative should be primary- care providers, defined as physicians, nurses, nurse practitioners, physician assistants, nurse midwives, and community health workers specializing in one of the following areas: family medicine, internal medicine, pediatrics, obstetrics/gynecology, emergency medicine, preven-tive medicine, or public health. As the "gatekeepers" of our health care system, all primary-care providers should possess basic knowledge and skills related to pesticide and other occupational or
environmental exposures. The panel's main concerns about primary-care provider knowledge of pesticide exposures are as follow.

• Providers do not receive training on recognition, diagnosis, and management of pesticide-related exposures during their formal education.
• Pesticide exposures and associated health conditions are difficult topics to teach because they require additional knowledge of toxicology and other topics often not included in the curriculum of health professional education.
• Providers do not often see acute pesticide poisonings and do not possess enough knowledge to recognize chronic cases.
• Health conditions associated with pesticide exposures are often misdiagnosed.
• Providers often do not know how and where to report pesticide exposures; sometimes the reporting is considered burdensome, given their demanding work environments.
• Providers often do not know to whom patients can be referred.

The expert panel agreed to adopt the following recommendations.

1. Environmental health concepts should be incorporated into all levels of primary-care provider education.
2. Environmental health content should be included in licensure and certification exams.
3. Expertise in various environmental health disciplines should be included in the education of primary-care providers.
4. Environmental health content should be an integral part of lifelong learning and continuing education of primary-care providers.
5. Professional associations, public agencies, and private organizations should provide more resources and educational opportunities to enhance environmental health in primary-care practice.

This will be a long-term effort. Achieving the necessary goals will depend on the collaboration and involvement of a great many organizations and people.

The initiative will be integrated in the broader context of other national initiatives in occupational and environmental health to avoid duplication of effort. US EPA encourages all interested organizations to play a role in the development of the initiative and to stay up-to-date by visiting its website at http://www.epa.gov/pesticides/ . Feedback on the initial recommended national strategies are welcomed by US EPA and its federal partners. Questions and comments can be directed to Ameesha Mehta, US EPA, at (703)305-7666.

(Taken from Pesticides and National Strategies for Health Care Providers: Workshop Proceedings, April 23-24, 1998, by Phil Nixon)

Insecticidal nematodes are effective in controlling insects. Nematodes are very tiny, unsegmented roundworms that are best known to landscapers, farmers, and other agriculturists by the diseases that they cause. Ten thousand nematode species are known to science, but the number of species that exist has been estimated at 500,000. With that many species, there are some that feed on plants, others that feed on animals, but probably most species are scavengers, feeding on dead plant and animal material. Most nematode species (including the scavenger nematodes and those that attack harmful nematodes, harmful insects, and weeds) would be considered beneficial to humans.

Life Cycle
Insecticidal nematodes, also called entomopathogenic nematodes, do not attack plants, but attack only insects and their relatives. The infective juvenile stage of the nematode usually enters an insect through a natural opening, such as the mouth, anus, or spiracle. (Spiracles are openings used by the insect for breathing.) Some nematodes, such as Heterorhabditis spp., can make their own hole through the insect's body wall. Once inside the insect, the nematode penetrates the gut lining or air tube, releasing bacteria into the haemocoel, the cavity inside the insect that contains the blood.

The bacteria that are released attack and feed on the blood and other body tissues of the insect, causing its death within 2 days. The nematode feeds on the broken-down tissues of the insect, as well as the bacteria. This allows the nematode to grow, develop, mate, and produce additional infective juveniles within the dead insect. Usually three generations of nematodes are produced within the dead insect before the insect's body wall breaks down. At that point comes the release of infective juveniles, with bacteria in their intestines, that can attack new hosts.

The bacterial species that occur within insecticidal nematodes are not found anywhere else, and insecticidal nematodes that do not contain these bacteria are ineffective in killing insects. In this mutualistic arrangement, the nematode transports the bacteria into a suitable host, and the bacteria provide food for the nematode by breaking down the tissues of the host insect.

These bacteria produce antibiotics that inhibit the development of fungi and other bacteria. Thus, insects killed by these nematodes do not rot and disappear as quickly as those killed by natural causes or insecticides. The presence of dead larvae in treated areas makes it likely that they were killed by the nematodes rather than by some other means.

Insecticidal nematodes are rather fragile animals, with most stages protected within the cadaver of the attacked insect. The infective juvenile stage is the most resistant stage, but it is still very susceptible to drying and to the ultraviolet rays in sunlight. For this reason, insecticidal nematodes are most effective in the soil and tunnels of boring insects, where they are protected from dry air and sunlight. Insecticidal nematodes use one of two methods to locate their hosts–ambushing or cruising.

Ambusher Nematodes
Ambusher nematode species sit and wait for a suitable host by nictating. That is, they stand on their tails, waiting to attack a host as it comes by. Because infective juveniles are only a couple of millimeters long, a host that is even a few millimeters away will not be attacked. In addition, these nematodes are most effective in soil near the surface, where spaces between the soil particles are sufficient to allow this nictating behavior. Thus, ambushers are most effective against very active insects near the soil surface–such as cutworms, armyworms, sod webworms, and other soil-living caterpillars and mole crickets. Steinernema carpocapsae and S. scapterisci are examples of ambusher insecticidal nematodes.

S. carpocapsae is sold under the trade names Biosafe, Savior, Millenium, and BioVector 25. It is labeled for cranberry girdler, black vine weevil, strawberry root weevil, strawberry girdler, mint root borer, and mint flea beetle. S. scapterisci has been shown to be effective against mole crickets. It is not available commercially.

Cruiser Nematodes
Cruiser nematodes actively search out their hosts. Although they can nictate, the infective juveniles also tunnel through the soil looking for their hosts. These cruisers are attracted to carbon dioxide and other chemicals that are exuded by potential hosts. Due to their searching behavior, cruisers are more effective than ambushers against less active insects and those that live deeper in the soil–such as white grubs, black vine weevil larvae, and fungus gnat larvae. Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema glaseri are examples of cruiser nematodes. Some species of insecticidal nematodes are intermediate in activity between ambushers and cruisers, including Steinernema feltiae and S. riobravis.

H. bacteriophora is commonly called the Hb nematode in trade literature and is sold under the trade names Cruiser, Heteromask, and Gardens Alive Hb Nematodes. This nematode has a shorter shelf life than most others. It is labeled for white grubs, billbugs, cutworms, sod webworms, cranberry girdler, armyworm, black vine weevil, strawberry root weevil, pine weevils, fungus gnats, and flea larvae. The bacteria in this nematode is luminescent, which causes killed insects to glow slightly in the dark. Killed insects turn brick red instead of the medium brown color typical of insects killed by other nematode species.

H. magidis is a cruiser nematode sold as Nemasys II. This very large nematode is labeled for the control of black vine weevil. Its large size makes it too big to fit through the body openings of many other insects.

Steinernema feltiae is both a cruiser and an ambusher, sold under the trade names Nemasys, Entonem, X-Gnat, and Magnet. It is labeled for the control of sciarid flies and fungus gnats. Unlike most insecticidal nematodes, it is infective against insects in soil temperatures below 50°F.

Steinernema riobravis is both a cruiser and an ambusher. It is sold as BioVector 355 and Devour. It is labeled for the control of sugarcane rootstalk borer, citrus root weevil, and blue-green weevil. In the laboratory, S. riobravis has been shown also to be effective against mole crickets. It is active in drier soils than other insecticidal nematodes, but it needs high soil temperatures. It is most effective at temperatures above 95°F. Although this trait greatly limits its usefulness in Illinois, this nematode may prove very useful in the southern United States.

Application
Insecticidal nematodes may be applied with most chemical-application equipment. Application is typically made through sprayers and irrigation systems. Some drip-irrigation systems have such a slow flow that the infective juveniles can settle out in the lines. However, increasing the flow during nematode application can overcome this problem. Infective juveniles are small enough to pass through most sprayer-nozzle orifices but are large enough to catch on pump and nozzle screens. For this reason, it is recommended that these screens be removed before application. Nematodes can survive tank agitation. In fact, without tank agitation, they may die from lack of oxygen in the spray tank.

Formulations of insecticidal nematodes include water suspension, gel, water-dispersible granule, and vermiculite. Storage time for the water-suspension formulation may be limited to only a few days under refrigeration due to the oxygen needs of the infective juveniles. The gel formulation is usually soaked in water to remove the infective juvenile-containing gel from the screen matrix. The gel, vermiculite, and breakdown products of the water-dispersible granules can easily clog screens within the application system. However, their storage times are longer, usually from one to several months, particularly if refrigerated.

Application of insecticidal nematodes is normally recommended for late in the day, after 3 p.m., when the sun is low enough to reduce evaporation and intense sunlight. For turf applications, the turf should be wetted both before and immediately after application to reduce the chances of the nematodes' drying out and dying. Similarly, sufficient irrigation, usually at least one-half inch, is necessary to move the nematodes into the soil, where they are protected from both drying and ultraviolet light.

Transgenic research is being conducted with insecticidal nematodes to make them less susceptible to severe environmental conditions. This trait will make them easier to work with in many practical applications. So far, this research has produced nematodes with increased resistance to high temperatures. Research is also being conducted to determine whether the bacteria can be effective without the nematodes and whether there are substances within the bacteria that can be used alone, without the use of either the bacteria or the nematodes. So far, it appears that both are necessary for control to be achieved.

Control Effectiveness
Being living organisms, insecticidal nematodes are exempt from many of the USEPA's pesticide regulations. Tests have shown them to be harmless to mammals. This characteristic allows them to be brought to market much more quickly than chemical insecticides. However, it also allows the avoidance of much of the consumer protection provided by pesticide registration. When using a new insecticidal nematode or one under an unfamiliar label, try it out on a small area to be sure that you will be satisfied with the results before applying it to a large area.

Control of pests with insecticidal nematodes can be quite high, but 60 to 70% control is more common in turf applications. This level of control is usually enough to reduce pest numbers below damaging levels. Although insecticidal nematodes are living organisms and reproduce in attacked insects, they should be used as conventional insecticides are used–apply them when control is needed. Do not expect the nematodes to survive in the soil from year to year in numbers sufficient to provide a high level of control.

Insecticidal nematodes are expensive, perhaps costing ten times more per unit area than conventional insecticides. These costs should decline with increased production in the future. Insecticidal nematodes also demand extra care in storage, length of storage, timing of application, field conditions, and application to avoid clogged equipment. By contrast, there are situations in which conditions or clientele may demand nonchemical control. In these cases, the benefits may be worth the extra cost and trouble.

(Phil Nixon)

AGREVO

The company has acquired Cargill Hybrid Seeds, which produces hybrid sunflowers and corn in the U.S. and Canadian markets, for $650 million.

AMVAC CHEMICAL

The company has a long-term agreement with the Indian company, Fortune Biotech, to develop and market Azadirachtin-based insecticides in the United States.

BAYER

The company has agreed with Pursell Industries to form a new company to comarket products into the U.S. consumer lawn and garden market. Bayer holds the controlling interest, and the products will be available under the Bayer label. Also, Bayer signed a contract with Paradigin Genetics, Inc., to search for screening targets for new herbicides. Paradigin will receive up to $40 million, plus a royalty on products that reach market.

CLINCH (avermectin), Abbott

Added to their label the control of mosquito larvae in rice, citrus groves, and irrigated crops.

DOW AGROSCIENCES

The company has formed a worldwide biotech research alliance with Rhone-Poulenc Agro to develop genetically modified seeds and plants. Initial focus will be on corn, canola, soybeans, sunflower, sugarcane, and cotton dealing with herbicides and insect resistance.

FMC

The company has given PBI Gordon the marketing rights to its two new herbicides Sulfentrazone and Carfen-trazone-ethyl to use them in Trimec formulations for use on turf and ornamentals, industrial vegetation control and consumer markets.

HOECHST/RHONE-POULENC

The companies have agreed to merge their drug and agrochemical businesses. The merger would create a life sciences company with assets of $36 billion. The new company will be called Aventis.

METHYL ANTHRANILATE, R.J. Advantage

EPA issued an experimental permit use as an aerial fogger to repel birds on 1,000 acres of airports, backyards, electrical substations, golf courses, terrestrial roosts, railway terminals, or urban areas. Authorized for use in CA, FL, IL, IN, MD, OH, PA, TX, and WV. Expires 7-15-2000. (FR, vol. 63, 9-29-98)

METHYL BROMIDE

The phase-out of this fumigant in the United States has changed. Production and importation will be reduced from 1991 levels as follows: (1) 25% reduction in 1999, (2) 50% reduction in 2001, (3) 70% reduction in 2003, and (4) 100% reduction in 2005

MICRO FLO

This U.S. formulator, which was recently purchased by BASF, will now move their headquarters from Lakeland, FL, to Memphis, TN.

MONSANTO

The company has licensed Nufarm, Inc., to sell glyphosate products in the United States, starting 1-1-99. The agreement does not allow Nufarm to use their glyphosate products over the top of Roundup Ready crops. Also, Monsanto will lower its technology fee for Yield Gard corn this next year. The fee will drop to $24/bag from the $30/bag previously charged.

MONSANTO/CYANAMID

The proposed merger of these two companies has been canceled. No reasons were given.

MYCOGEN

The company has signed an agreement with Agri Bio Tech to develop insect-resistant alfalfa varieties jointly.

NOVARTIS

The company has signed a multi-year agreement with Monsanto to manufacture and sell (in the United States) glyphosate products containing Novartis active ingredients. They can then be used on Roundup Ready corn and soybeans, as well as in conventional uses, starting with the 2001 crop season. Also, Novartis recently signed an agreement to purchase American Sunmelon, the leading producer of seedless watermelons. In addition, Novartis announced a $25million, 5-year agreement with the University of California_Berkeley, to negotiate licenses in the area of genomics in agriculture for products or technology the University may discover or develop.

NOVARTIS/AGREVO

The companies have combined their corn-herbicide technologies and can offer growers satisfaction assurance of season-long control on more than 100 weed species. This is with the use of Dual II Magnum or Bicep II Magnum in conjunction with Liberty Link corn. Use Novartis preemergence products and then follow up with Liberty postemergence.

RODENTICIDES

EPA is considering requiring manufacturers to add dyes and bittering agents to help reduce accidental poisoning, especially when used in residential areas. This would affect nearly 300 formulated products ranging from powders to pellets to paraffin blocks. Comments must be received by 11-10-98.

SCOTTS

The company has completed its agreement with Monsanto for the marketing rights to Monsanto consumer products worldwide. Scotts will form the Ortho Business Group, which will be responsible for these products.

TELONE C-35 (DCP/chloropicrin), Dow Agro

EPA has registered this new-formulation soil fumigant to control nematodes and diseases in numerous crops. It is a 65% DCP, 35% chloropicrin formulation.

VECTOLEX (Bacillus sphaericus), Abbott

A new label allows the use in agricultural crop environments (such as rice, pastures, hay fields, orchards, citrus groves, and irrigated crops) to control various mosquito species.

(Bruce E. Paulsrud, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, November and December, 1998.)

DISTANCE (pyriproxyfen), Valent

Received an EPA label to use on ornamentals grown in greenhouses, lathehouses, and shadehouses to control whiteflies, fungus gnats, shore flies, leafminers, and scale.

ECO SOlL

The company has acquired the rights to the Mycogen bio-herbicide, (Xanthomonas campester). It is used for the control of poa annua in turf.

PRIMASTOP BIOFUNGICIDE (Gliocladium catenulatum strain 1446), Kemira Agro Oy

EPA has approved an application to register this new active ingredient for greenhouse and indoor use. It controls pythium and rhizoctonia diseases. (FR, vol. 63, 10-6-98)

TX-1 (Pseudomonas aureofaciens), Eco Soil

A biofungicide being developed for use on turf to control various diseases.

(Bruce E. Paulsrud, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, November and December, 1998.)

AVAUNT (indoxacarb), DuPont

A new product being developed for use on vegetables to control lepidoptera insects.

ELEVATE (fenhexamid), Bayer/Tomen

This new fungicide is under development for use on strawberries and grapes to control botrytis. It is also being developed for use on stone fruits and almonds.

FLINT (trifloxystrobin), Novartis

A new broad-spectrum fungicide, systemic in activity, for powdery mildew control in grapes. It is also being developed for powdery mildew, scab, and leaf and fruit spot control on pome fruit and cucurbits.

INTREPID (methoxyfenozide), Rohm & Haas

The company has filed with EPA to register this new active ingredient on cotton and pome fruits. It is an insect growth-regulator active only on lepidoptera species.

KZ-165, DuPont

A new fungicide being developed for use on fruits, vegetables, and tea.

LGC-30473 (ethaboxam), LG Chemical

A new fungicide being developed by this Korean company. It controls grape downy mildew, potato late blight, tomato late blight, pepper blight, and cucumber downy mildew. Applied at 125 to 250 g ai/ha.

OMI-88 (tolfenpyrad), Mitsubishi

A new insecticide being developed for use on cole crops, vegetables, and stone fruit to control aphids and lepidoptera insects.

TORNADO (indoxacarb), DuPont

A new insecticide that is expected to be marketed in Japan next year for use on fruits and vegetables.

(Bruce E. Paulsrud, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, November and December, 1998.)

AGREVO ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH-The company will discontinue to market their rodenticide bait formulation line based on Vengence (bromethalin).

ATRAPA VCP (malathion)-Griffin-A new formulation available for adult mosquito control.

LOVELAND INDUSTRIES-The company has introduced two new rodenticide products, Ramik Bars, which is an all?weather 12 oz. bar based on diphacinone. Also, Havoc Chunks which are small eight ounce chunks of rodenticide.

Michelle Buesinger, unless otherwise noted, adapted from Agricultural Chemical News, July and August, 1999.